^^inbaf
           ^iri3 ^na#nal ^brl
             "& ^alt7native
            ^0mat ^associa#n

    ^iri3 ^^ueb ^te1nical ^guidel*es
           0 ^prim)y ^level &
            ^second)y ^level
               ^m)1 !bjag




















  ^(@ guidel*es = produc6 ] @ agree#t &
co-op7a#n [ all @ memb7s [ @ ^^ueb ^ma4s
^\w_ ^gr8p.
  ^na#nal ^brl ^produc#n \2^^nbp\) at
^1ild^vi%n, @ ^m6ia ^c?tre at ^^ncbi & @
^brl ^unit * ^)b8r ^hill laun16 @ ^iri3
^na#nal ^brl & ^alt7native ^0mat
associa#n \2^^inbaf\) on ^may !crd
!bjab.
  ^irel& [ficially adopt6 ^^ueb z xs brl
code * ^decemb7 !bjac. ^s*ce @n ^^inbaf
has be? \w_ t9)ds @ imple#ta#n [ @ ^^ueb
code * ^iri3 s1ools. ^@ \w [ ^^inbaf
/)t6 /rai2t af @ laun1 ] @ 0ma#n [ 4ree
\w_ gr8ps;
  $. ^a ^^ueb /e7_ gr8p (5 ma* focus is
@ develop#t [ a ^^ueb imple#ta#n /rategy
0 ^irel&
  $. ^an ^iri3 brl \w_ gr8p to review &
update @ ^iri3 brl code * l*e ] new
develop#ts * @ $w [ brl
  $. ^a ^ma4s \w_ gr8p review_ h9 be/ to
imple#t ^^ueb ma4s$/te1nical code.
  ^^inbaf is @ f/ ^iri3 organisa#n 5
advises ab rules, lay8t & be/ practice 0
@ ^iri3 & ^?gli3 ^brl codes us6 *
^irel&.
  ^^inbaf is fully support6 by @ ^^uk
^associa#n 0 ^alt7native ^0mats
\2^^ukaaf\) & al#g ] ^^ukaaf is a memb7
[ @ ^*t7na#nal ^c8ncil on ^?gli3 ^brl
\2^^iceb\). ^bo4 organisa#ns h be? v
help#l to $@ new ^iri3 c%t7\p.
                ** ** **
  ^8r ^mis%n:
  ^^inbaf w /rive to advise & help any\o
5o utilises brl, l)ge pr*t & o@r
alt7native 0mats & has an *t7e/ * same,
* all matt7s relat6 to @ ^iri3 &
^?gli3 brl code & 0mat /&)ds z us6 n9 &
*to @ future.
                ** ** **
  ^8r ^tasks:
  $. ^repres?t ^irel& at *t7na#nal level
* ),s specific to alt7native 0mats
  $. ^adv%e ^unifi6 ^?gli3 ^brl
\2^^ueb\) imple#ta#n *to ^irel&
  $. ^review ^iri3 brl code
  $. ^provide a c?tral po*t 0 ?quiries *
rela#n to alt7native 0mats
  $. ^l9 co/ & *0m be/ practice
                ** ** **
  ^*t7na#nal ^repres?ta#n:
  $. ^^inbaf is a full memb7 [ @
^*t7na#nal ^c8ncil [ ^?gli3 ^brl
\2^^iceb\), @ global gov7n_ body
  $. ^^inbaf 1airp7son is a memb7 [
^^iceb ^executive
  $. ^^inbaf committee memb7s )e gr8p
memb7s or li/ obs7v7s on all ^^iceb
special purpose committees \2^code
^ma*t?%e ^committee, ^music, ^te1nology,
^rese)1 & ^^pr\)
                ** ** **
  ^*t7na#nal ^l*ks:
  $. ^^uk ^associa#n 0 ^alt7native
^0mats \2^^ukaaf\), close co-op7a#n
reg)d_ te1nical brl
  $. ^canute project \2^bri/ol
^brailli/s\)
  $. ^^iceb memb7 c%tries' associa#ns 0
@ bl
                ** ** **
  ^^ueb ^ma4s ^\w_ ^gr8p ^memb7s
^1airp7son: ^d7val ^h,ly \2^1ild^vi%n\)
^doris ^coyne \2^1ild^vi%n\)
^jim ^curran \2^1ild^vi%n\)
^m)y ^hurley \2^1ild^vi%n\)
^m)ia ^m)key \2^rosm*i ^commun#y
  ^college\)
^m)y ^mc^nelis \2^visit_ ^t,17\)
^caitr(/iona ^nic ^2iolla ^eo2a*
  \2^visit_ ^t,17\)
^noma ^@mbani \2^visit_ ^t,17\)
  ^:tact u \4 8r website: www.inbaf.ie
              ::::::::::::




                 ^:t?ts
  ^:t?ts
^def*i#ns-!a
^num7ic ^*dicator-!d
^grade !a ^*dicators-!d
^equals, ^plus "& ^m*us ^signs-!e
^multiplica#n$/^multiplica#n ^dot
  ^signs-!e
^divi%n ^sign-!f
^decimal ^po*t-!f
^less ^4an$/^grt7 ^4an-!f
^n ^equals$/^o@r ^equals ^signs-!g
^m\oy-!g
^l)ge ^numb7s-!g
^simple ^frac#ns$/^mix6 ^numb7s-!h
^g?7al ^frac#ns-!h
^1oice [ ^grade !a ^*dicators-!aj
^p7c?tage ^sign-!aj
^ratio ^sign-!aj
^brackets-!aa
^48s&s$/^hundr6s$/^t?s$/^units ^symbols-
  !aa
^tally ^m)ks-!ab
^l?g4, ^wei2t, ^capac#y-!ab
^\t-!ac
^date-!ac
^ord*al ^numb7s$/^roman ^num7als-!ad
^omis%n ^symbol-!ae
^omis%n ^symbol * ^equival?t ^frac#ns-
  !af
                 ^:t?ts
^patt7ns$/^sequ#es-!af
^3ape ^*dicators-!af
^gr8p_ ^signs$/^*dicators-!ag
^hi2li2t6$/^emphasis6 ^numb7s-!ag
^*dex$/^p97 ^signs-!ai
^root ^sign$/^t7m*ator-!bj
^positive "& ^negative ^numb7s-!ba
^degrees$/^m*utes$/^seconds-!ba
^l*e ^\4 ^symbol-!bb
^p)allel$/^p7p?dicul) ^l*e ^signs-!bb
^\@0e ^sign-!bb
^)r9s \2^simple\)-!bb
^l#g ^expres%ns$/^rules ^:ta*_ ^(ws-!bc
^divid_ ^l#g ^ma@matical ^expres%ns-!bc
^algebra-!bd
^trigonometry-!bd
^geometry-!be
^embelli3#ts-!be
^set ^nota#n ^brackets-!bf
^set ^@ory-!bf
^prime or ^comple#t-!bg
^matrices-!bg
^calculus-!bh
^b*omial ^@orem-!bh
^comput7 ^nota#n-!bi
^calculator ^keys ^symbols-!bi
^transcrib7's ^note ^*dicators-!cj
^greek ^lrs-!cj
^ma4s ^symbols 0 ^prim)y ^classes-!cb
               ^def*i#ns              !a
  ^def*i#ns
  ^num7ic *dicator: 0m7ly \kn z @ <numb7
sign>, 4 sets num7ic mode 0 @ foll9_
sequ#e [ symbols to *clude digits,
commas, decimal po*t$/full /ops, simple
frac#n l*es & dot !e l*e :t*ua#n
*dicators. ^@ num7ic *dicator al acts *
a simil) way to a grade !a (w *dicator
except t grade !a mode is t7m*at6 by a
hyph? or da3 z well z a space.
  ^grade !a symbol *dicator: 0m7ly
ref7r6 to z @ <lr sign>, @ grade !a
symbol *dicator sets grade !a 0 @ next
symbol only & is us6 ;f symbols t h
ano@r m,n_ * lit7)y brl e.g. @ <3> squ)e
root symbol, @ <?>$/<*> sub & sup7script
signs.
  ^grade !a (w *dicator: \2two grade !a
*dicators\) sets grade !a 0 @ next
sequ#e [ symbols & is us6 \5 grade !a
mode is requir6 on m 4an \o symbol * a
sequ#e. ^x :t*ues ov7 a hyph? or da3 &
is t7m*at6 by a space or a grade !a
t7m*ator.
  ^grade !a passage *dicator: \24ree
grade !a *dicators\) is us6 \5 grade !a
mode is requir6 * expres%ns t *clude
spaces. ^4 sets grade !a mode until \@
is a grade !a t7m*ator. ^\@ c ; a page
               ^def*i#ns              !b
br,k * @ middle [ a grade !a passage, \@
is no ne6 to /op @ passage at @ bottom [
@ page & re/)t x at @ top [ @ next page.
  ^grade !a passage t7m*ator: \2a grade
!a *dicator foll96 by a dot !c\). ^4
does exactly 5at x says+ ^x t7m*ates
grade !a mode & is plac6 at @ ?d [ a
grade !a passage.
  ^item: an item is def*6 z a numb7, a
decimal or frac#n \2simple or g?7al\),
an ?clos6 squ)e root, an )r9, a 3ape, an
expres%n ?clos6 * pr*t brackets or * brl
gr8p_ signs. %2^^uum pp vi%)
  ^gr8p_ signs: tr,t ?clos6 symbols z an
item. ^@y )e us6 5? \@ )e no brackets *
pr*t b x is nec to ?sure t @ prec6_ brl
symbol or *dicator applies to all @
symbols ?clos6 by @ brl gr8p_ *dicators
r 4an j to @ symbol immly foll9_.
  ^note: ^4 *cludes a modifi7 5 applies
to m 4an \o lr & a subscript or
sup7script *dicator 5 applies to m 4an
\o <item>. %2^^rueb ^- pp !bc%)
  ^omis%n: * ^guidel*es 0 ^te1nical
^mat7ial, <omis%n(<ref7s to @ blanks t
)e us6 * texts & \wbooks 0 /ud?ts to
fill in. ^^ueb has di+7?t symbols 0 e
pr*t /yle [ omis%n. ^we h select6 \o
symbol & use x 0 all /yles. ^4 is
               ^def*i#ns              !c
expla*6 * @ sec#n on ^omis%n ^symbols *
@ booklet.
  ^v*culum: %2^us_ ^^ueb 0 ^ma@matics pp
!f%)
  ^@ v*culum is @ ov7-l*e us6 ] @ squ)e
root sign 5 *dicates t \ey4_ \un,4 x is
\p [ @ squ)e root.
  #3!afi_ - ^4 squ)e root has a v*culum.
^4 requires a t7m*ator.
  ^/&_ ^al\o ^rule: %2^^iceb ^rules [
^^ueb ^- pp !ae%)
  ^a lr is </&_ al\o> if x is prec66 &
foll96 by a space, hyph? or da3. ^5? 4
happ?s, a grade !a *dicator is requir6 s
t x won't ; misr,d z xs grade !b m,n_,
i.e. a :trac#n or (wsign. ^4 doesn't
)ise 0 lrs a, i & o ;c @y don't h a
grade !b m,n_.
  ^@ symbol <%0> prec6es \s new brl
signs 5? f/ *troduc6 & is *clud6 to
avoid :fu%n ab 5 dots )e us6 * @ new
signs.
              ::::::::::::






          ^te1nical ^guidel*es        !d
    ^iri3 ^^ueb ^te1nical ^guidel*es
      0 ^prim)y & ^second)y ^level
  ^a;revia#ns
^guidel*es 0 ^te1nical ^mat7ial ^- ^^gtm
^^ueb ^au/ralian ^tra*_ ^manual ^- ^^atm
^^iceb ^rules [ ^^ueb ^- ^^rueb
^us_ ^^ueb 0 ^ma@matics ^- ^^uum
                ** ** **
  ^num7ic *dicator: !
\2^^gtm pp !b, ^^uum pp #v, ^^atm pp
!aba, ^^rueb pp !ei\)
  ^4 e/abli3es num7ic mode
  ^@ foll9_ symbols may o:ur * num7ic
mode:
$. @ t? digits !j-!i
$. full /op$/decimal po*t
$. comma
$. simple num7ic frac#n l*e
$. l*e :t*ua#n *dicators
$. omis%n sign
  ^a space or any symbol n li/6 abv
t7m*ates num7ic mode.
  ^num7ic passage *dicator: !!
  ^num7ic t7m*ator: !'
                ** ** **
  ^grade !a ^*dicators
\2^^gtm pp !e, ^^uum pp iv, ^^atm pp
!aah, !ada\)
^grade !a symbol *dicator: %0#
          ^te1nical ^guidel*es        !e
^grade !a (w *dicator: %0##
^grade !a passage *dicator: %0###
^grade !a mode passage t7m*ator: %0#'
                ** ** **
  ^equals
\2^^gtm pp !ae, ^^atm pp !abi\)
equals: %0\=
  ^4 sign is alw spac6 on bo4 sides
!b \= !b
                ** ** **
  ^plus "& ^m*us ^signs
\2^^gtm pp !a, !ae, ^^uum pp !b, ^^atm
pp !abh\)
plus sign: %0\+
m*us sign: %0\-
  ^(@ signs )e spac6 on bo4 sides until
@ ?d [ !bnd ^class
!a \+ !b \= !c
!c \- !b \= !a
  ^@y )e unspac6 f !crd ^class on
!a\+!b \= !c
!c\-!b \= !a
                ** ** **
  ^multiplica#n ^signs
\2^^gtm pp !ae, ^^uum pp !b, ^^uum pp
!ff\)
  ^4 sign is unspac6 on bo4 sides.
^multiplica#n ^sign: %0\<
!b\<!c \= !f
          ^te1nical ^guidel*es        !f
^multiplica#n ^dot: %0\.
!c\.!b \= !f
                ** ** **
  ^divi%n ^sign
\2^^gtm pp !ae, ^^uum pp !b\)
  ^4 sign is unspac6 on bo4 sides.
divi%n sign: \/
!ab\/!c \= !d
                ** ** **
  ^decimal ^po*t
\2^^gtm pp !i, ^^uum pp !ac\)
  ^@ decimal sign is @ same z @ full /op
* brl.
  !b.c
  ^x does n t7m*ate num7ic mode, s \@ is
no ne6 to rep,t @ num7ic *dicator af x.
                ** ** **
  ^less ^4an$/^grt7 ^4an
\2^^gtm pp !ae, ^^uum pp !b\)
^less 4an: "2
^grt7 4an: ")
  ^(@ signs )e alw spac6 on bo4 sides.
!b "2 !e
!e ") !b
  ^less ^4an$/^grt7 ^4an or ^equal ^to
^less 4an or equal to: $"2
^grt7 4an or equal to: $")
  ^alw spac6 on bo4 sides.

          ^te1nical ^guidel*es        !g
^n ^equals: \="5
  ^o@r ^equals ^signs
approximately equal to: (*
equival?t to: %0$0
  ^(@ )e spac6 on bo4 sides z @y )e
comp)ison signs.
                ** ** **
  ^m\oy
\2^^gtm pp !ab, ^^uum pp !be, ^^atm pp
!afd\)
  ^(@ symbols 3d ; unspac6 f @ foll9_
numb7, reg)d%s [ pr*t.
euro: %0"e - "e!ae
p%d: "l - "l!fjj
doll): "s - "s!be
c?t: #c - !be#c
c?t sign: %0"c - !ej"c
#p 0 p#e: #p - !be#p
"e!cb.ef
"s!be.ej
"l!fjj.be
                ** ** **
  ^l)ge ^numb7s
\2^^gtm pp !d, !a.d.c, ^^uum pp !aj\)
  ^@ l*e :t*ua#n *dicator is us6 to 39
5? a ma@matical expres%n runs on to @
next l*e.
l*e :t*ua#n *dicator: %0\
  ^d n *clude @ pr*t spaces 0 l)ge
          ^te1nical ^guidel*es        !h
numb7s, alw *s7t a comma * 48s&s.
!a ^octillion \=
!a,jjj,jjj,jjj,jjj,jjj,\
jjj,jjj,jjj,jjj
                ** ** **
  ^simple ^frac#ns
\2^^gtm pp !ca, ^^uum pp !aa, !ab\)
  ^a simple frac#n :ta*s numb7s only.
^simple frac#n l*e: /
  ^a num7ic *dicator is n requir6 * @
d?om*ator.
!a/b
!a/d
!ae/bj
!db.e/ag
  ^mix6 ^numb7s
  ^mix6 numb7s )e compris6 [ a 5ole
numb7 plus a frac#n.
  ^(@ )e brld unspac6 us_ @ simple
frac#n l*e
!b!c/d
!a!a/b
                ** ** **
  ^g?7al ^frac#ns
\2^^gtm pp !cb, !cc, ^^uum pp !cj\)
  ^@ g?7al frac#n l*e & g?7al frac#n
*dicators )e us6 5? @ frac#n :ta*s \s4_
m 4an digits, commas or decimal po*ts.
^g?7al frac#n l*e: %/
          ^te1nical ^guidel*es        !i
  ^g?7al frac#n *dicators
[ to op?
] to close
  ^a grade !a symbol *dicator m/ ; *s7t6
;f @ op?_ *dicator.
  ^frac#ns t *clude mix6 numb7s m/ use @
g?7al frac#n l*e:
!a/h \= #[!ab!a/b%/!ajj] \= !ab!a/b%>
                ** ** **
  ^g?7al ^frac#ns \2:td\)
#[!ac%/b]
  ^@ num7ic *dicator sets grade !a mode
s \@ is no ne6 to use a grade !a symbol
*dicator ] @ d?om*ator.
  ^if @ num7ator is a numb7, grade !a
mode is set by @ num7ic *dicator 0 @ re/
[ @ expres%n, \@0e y only ne6 a grade !a
symbol *dicator ;f @ op?_ g?7al frac#n
*dicator.
#[!a%/!d#d]
  ^@ lr <#d> * 4 frac#n m/ h xs 9n grade
!a symbol *dicator to prev?t x ;_ r,d z
ano@r !d.
  ^5? \@ )e no numb7s * @ frac#n, or 5?
grade !a mode is n set * @ c8rse [ @
expres%n, @ op?_ & clos_ g?7al frac#n
*dicators ea1 ne6 a grade !a symbol
*dicator, * 5 case, use @ grade !a (w
*dicator.
          ^te1nical ^guidel*es       !aj
##[x%/y]
                ** ** **
  ^1oice [ ^grade !a ^*dicators
\2^^uum pp !ge\)
  ^un%s @ ne6 0 a grade !a symbol
*dicator )ises
  \2a\) ]* @ f/ !c cells [ a ma4s
expres%n,\2as * #[!ac%/b]\) &$/or
  \2#b\) ;f a s_le lr /&_ al\o ]* @
expres%n, \2z * #[!a%/!d#d]\) @n use a
(w *dicator 0 expres%ns ]8t brl spaces
\2z * ##[x%/y]\), or a passage *dicator
0 expres%ns ] brl spaces.
###[x%/y] \= [a%/b]#'
  ^5? us_ @ grade !a passage *dicator, y
m/ use a grade !a passage t7m*ator to ?d
grade !a mode.
                ** ** **
  ^p7c?tage ^sign
\2^^gtm pp !ab, ^^uum pp !ad\)
^p7c?tage sign: %>
  ^4 is unspac6 f @ prec6_ numb7.
!ae%>
                ** ** **
  ^ratio ^sign
\2^^gtm pp !ae, !ag, ^^uum pp !ad\)
^ratio sign: %0:
  ^4 is a comp)ison sign b x is writt?
unspac6 on bo4 sides, reg)d%s [ pr*t.
          ^te1nical ^guidel*es       !aa
!b:!d \= !f:!ab
  ^use @ grade !a *dicator \5 @ ratio
sign cd ; mi/ak? 0 @ :trac#n <cc>.
p#:q
                ** ** **
  ^brackets
\2^^gtm pp !cj, ^^uum pp !i\)
^r%d brackets: \2 \)
^squ)e brackets: %2 %)
^curly brackets: $2 $)
  ^foll9 pr*t brackets
%2!b\2x\+y\)%)
                ** ** **
  ^48s&s$/^hundr6s$/^t?s$/^units
^symbols
  ^use @ <th> :trac#n 0 48s&s.
  ^y ne6 @ grade !a symbol *dicator s t
x is n mi/ak? 0 <4>.
48s&s: #4
hundr6s: #h
t?s: #t
units: #u
  ^(@ signs )e spac6 on bo4 sides. ^no
ne6 0 capital sign, reg)d%s [ pr*t.
!a,bjc
#4: 0
#h: 0 0
#t:
#u: 0 0 0
          ^te1nical ^guidel*es       !ab
  ^tally ^m)ks
\2^^gtm pp !be, ^^uum pp !de\)
%0$$$
$$$$:
  ^(@ signs )e spac6 on bo4 sides.
                ** ** **
  ^l?g4, ^wei2t, ^capac#y
\2^^gtm pp !af, ^^uum pp !ae, ^^atm pp
!afc\)
!b #m ^- !bm
!c cm ^- !c#cm
!hj kg ^- !hjkg
!h #g ^- !h#g
!bj #l ^- !bjl
!ae ml ^- !aeml
  ^up to @ ?d [ !bnd class (@ signs w ;
spac6 reg)d%s [ pr*t.
!c cm
  ^al4 ^^ueb tells u to foll9 pr*t, 0
:si/?cy units w ; unspac6 f !crd class.
!c#cm
  ^reg)d%s [ pr*t, only use l97 case
lrs.
  ^0 )ea & volume ref7 to *dex$/p97
signs on page !ai.
                ** ** **



          ^te1nical ^guidel*es       !ac
  ^\t
\2^^gtm pp !aj, ^^uum pp !ba, ^^atm pp
!abg\)
  ^up to @ ?d [ !bnd class, @ num7ic
*dicator is us6 z @ sep)ator * \ts,
reg)d%s [ pr*t.
  ^4 is n * ^^ueb b is recomm?d6 0 ease
[ r,d_ 0 \y7 /ud?ts.
!ab.cj$/!abcj$/!ab:!cj
)e all brld: !ab!cj
  ^f !crd class on, foll9 pr*t.
!ab:!ae p.m.
!ahjj
!aj.cj am
  ^@ grade !a symbol *dicator is n
requir6 ] am \2if spac6\) or pm \2spac6
or unspac6\).
!aj.cj#am
!ab:!aepm
                ** ** **
  ^date
\2^^gtm pp !i, ^^uum pp !bb, ^^atm pp
!abg\)
  ^up to !bnd class, rep,t @ num7ic
*dicator & space @ numb7s * all dates,
reg)d%s [ h9 x appe)s * pr*t.
  ^4 is recomm?d6 0 ease [ r,d_ 0 \y7
/ud?ts.
!bi.ja.bjaf or !bi$/!ja$/!bjaf or
          ^te1nical ^guidel*es       !ad
!bi-!ja-!bjaf
)e all brld: !bi !ja !bajf
  ^keep x all tgr; d n split ov7 two
l*es.
  ^f !crd class on, foll9 pr*t.
!jh.jb.bjaf
!ji$/!jb$/!bjaf
!aj-!jb-!bjaf
                ** ** **
  ^ord*al ^numb7s
\2^^gtm pp !aj\)
^:trac#ns )e n all96, z @ num7ic
*dicator sets grade !a mode.
!ast
!dth
                ** ** **
  ^roman ^num7als
\2^^gtm #p !aa, ^^uum pp !bi\)
  ^foll9 @ rules 0 capitals & lrs.
  ^no grade !a *dicators requir6 0 i,
ii, iii, iv, ^^xi
i ii iii iv ^^xi
  #v, #x, #^v, #^x d require a grade !a
symbol *dicator
#v #x #^v #^x
  ^5? @ hyph? or da3 is us6, @ grade !a
*dicator or capital *dicator m/ ;
rep,t6.
#v-#x
          ^te1nical ^guidel*es       !ae
#^x^-^^xx
  ^\h, y ne6 a grade !a symbol *dicator
on @ s_le capital lr, #^x, b n on @
d8ble ^^xx.
                ** ** **
  ^omis%n ^symbol
\2^^gtm pp !ai, ^^gtm pp !a, !a.a.b,
^^rueb pp !ea-!eg\)
  ^acr all subjects, @ <\uscore> omis%n
sign w ; us6, reg)d%s [ 5at <blank> is
us6 * pr*t.
%-
  ^* lit7)y text, x is spac6 on bo4
sides, l a blank space.
  ^* ma4s, x is spac6 on bo4 sides up to
!bnd class. ^f !crd class on, foll9
^^ueb spac_ guidel*es.
!b\+%- \= !e
!b\+!c \= %-
%-\+!c \= !e
!b\+%- \= !e
  ^use grade !a *dicators z nec.
!bdkg \= %-#g
!bdjj#g \= %-.%-kg
!bdjj#g \= !%-.dkg
!bjj#cm \= %-m b !bm \= %-#cm
                ** ** **


          ^te1nical ^guidel*es       !af
  ^omis%n ^symbol * ^equival?t ^frac#ns
\2^^gtm pp !ai\)
  ^0 simple frac#ns ] blanks * @m, @
simple frac#n l*e w ; us6.
  ^\5 @ d?om*ator is @ blank space,
num7ic mode :t*ues acr @ l*e & @ \uscore
is *s7t6 z usual.
!f/ab \= !a/%-
!f/%- \= !a/b
  ^\5 @ num7ator is @ blank space, @
num7ic *dicator prec6es @ omis%n symbol.
!f/ab \= !%-/b
!%-/ab \= !a/b
  ^omis%n ^sign * ^improp7 ^frac#ns
!ah/ab \= !%-/b \= !a!%-/b
                ** ** **
  ^patt7ns$/^sequ#es
\2^^gtm pp !fe, ^^uum pp !cf\)
  ^up to @ ?d [ !bnd class use tactile
diagrams.
  ^3ape ^*dicators
6 foll96 by @ relevant brl symbol.
  ^4 ne6s a grade !a symbol *dicator
un%s y )e alr * num7ic or grade !a mode.
triangle: #6!c
p?tagon: #6!e
hexagon: #6!f
circle: #60
semi-circle: #6$
          ^te1nical ^guidel*es       !ag
squ)e: #6!d
rectangle: #6!dr
p)allelogram: #6"!d
3ape t7m*ator: #5
  ^f !crd class on, use @ 3ape
*dicators.
#6!d #60 #6!c #6!d
!ah/ab \= !%-/b \= !a!%-/b
                ** ** **
  ^gr8p_ ^signs$/^*dicators
\2^^gtm pp !cj, ^^uum pp !aj, ^^rueb pp
!bc, ^^gtm pp !aa !b.g\)
  ^gr8p_ signs )e us6 5? \@ )e no
brackets * pr*t b @ brl ne6s to ; gr8p6
or hi2li2t6. ^gr8p_ signs tr,t @ ?clos6
symbols z an item.
^op? gr8p_ sign: 2
^close gr8p_ sign )
  ^hi2li2t6$/^emphasis6 ^numb7s
  ^up to !bnd class gr8p_ signs c ; us6
*/,d [ type0m *dicators \2e.g.
bold$/\ul*e$/col8r\) to hi2li2t \o or m
digits ]* a numb7.
  ^4 is n * ^^ueb b is recomm?d6 0 ease
[ r,d_ 0 \y7 /ud?ts.
  ^up to @ ?d [ !bnd ^class:
!e \ul*6: !ab2e)fg
!e col8r6: !ab2e)fg
!e * bold: !ab2e)fg
          ^te1nical ^guidel*es       !ah
  ^@ num7ic *dicator 3d alw ; 8tside @
op? gr8p_ sign, ev? 5? @ f/ numb7 is
hi2li2t6.
!2a)befg
                ** ** **
  ^hi2li2t6$/^emphasis6 ^numb7s \2:td\)
\2^^rueb pp !ia-!ig, ^^atm pp !adf\)
  ^f !crd class on foll9 pr*t to
emphasise numb7s us_ @ correct type0m
*dicators.
!ab$;!efg
!ab(;!efg
  ^0 col8rs or italics use @ bold
symbol.
!e col8r6: !ab(;!efg
!e * italics: !ab(;!efg
  ^5? @ f/ digit is @ hi2li2t6 digit, @n
@ type0m *dicator goes ;f @ num7ic
*dicator.
(;!abefg
  ^5? \@ is m 4an \o 0m [ pr*t hi2li2t
\2bold, \ul*e & col8r6\) only use \o
type0m *dicator.
  ^5? * d8bt use @ bold *dicator.
(;!abefg
(;!ab(;!ef(;!g
  ^5? two or m :secutive numb7s )e
hi2li2t6, @ appropriate (w *dicator is
us6 ;f @ f/ hi2li2t6 digit ] a t7m*ator
          ^te1nical ^guidel*es       !ai
plac6 af @ la/ hi2li2t6 digit.
!ab$,!ef$'!g
                ** ** **
  ^*dex$/^p97 ^signs
\2^^gtm pp !cd, ^^uum pp !e, !ge\)
^sup7script: %0*
^subscript: %0?
  ^(@ h ano@r m,n_ * lit7)y brl, \@0e
un%s @y )e prec66 by a num7ic *dicator,
@y w require a grade !a symbol *dicator.
cm#*!b
x#*!c
  ^@ num7ic *dicator sets grade !a mode,
s \@ is no ne6 0 a grade !a symbol
*dicator.
!b*!b
!b*b
  ^5? @ sup7script is a frac#n:
!i*!a/b
a#*!a/b
##a*[p%/q]
                ** ** **
  ^*dex$/^p97 ^signs \2:td\)
  ^@ same rule applies 0 subscripts:
!c?!b
x#?!a
  ^@ sup7$/subscript level 1ange ref7s
only to @ next item.
x#*!by
          ^te1nical ^guidel*es       !bj
  ^if \@ is m 4an \o item or symbol * @
sup7$/subscript, gr8p_ signs m/ ; us6 to
?close x.
##x*2!by)
  ^;c bo4 @ sup7script sign & @ gr8p_
sign ne6 a grade !a symbol *dicator, a
grade !a (w *dicator is us6.
  ^\5 y h sup7scripts & subscripts
simultane8sly, @ subscript is brld f/,
foll96 by @ sup7script.
x#?!a*!b
  ^* 4 example @ subscript sign ne6s a
grade !a symbol *dicator; h9\e, @
sup7script sign doesn't ne6 \o z grade
!a mode has be? set by @ prec6_ unspac6
num7ic *dicator.
                ** ** **
  ^root ^sign
\2^^gtm pp !dj, ^^uum pp !f, ^^uum pp
!g\)
  ^reg)d%s [ h9 x appe)s * pr*t, alw use
@ squ)e root sign <] v*culum>.
^use: 3
  ^root ^t7m*ator: _
  ^;c we )e us_ @ <] v*culum> sign, @
root m/ alw ; t7m*at6.
#3!i_ \= !c
  ^@ squ)e root sign has ano@r m,n_ *
lit7)y brl, \@0e @ grade !a symbol
          ^te1nical ^guidel*es       !ba
*dicator m/ prec6e x.
##3x\+y_\+!c
  n4 ^root ^sign
##3*!e!f_
###3*ax_ \= b#'
                ** ** **
  ^positive "& ^negative ^numb7s
\2^^gtm pp !ah, !cg, ^^uum pp !c\)
  ^(@ )e \s\ts writt? z sup7scripts to
hi2li2t @ \+$/^- values.
#*\-!b\+*\+!c\+*\-!g
  ^5? x is n sup7script6 @ op7a#n signs
)e spac6 to emphasise @ plus & m*us
values.
\-!b \+ \+!c \+ \-!g
                ** ** **
  ^degrees$/^m*utes$/^seconds
\2^^gtm pp !ab, ^^rueb pp !bg-!cj\)
degree: %0(j
m*ute: %0=
second: %0==
  ^(@ signs )e brld unspac6.
!j(j^c
!cb(j^f
!be(j!ac=!eb==
  ^feet & *1es )e brld & spac6 @ same
way.
feet: %0=
*1es: %0==
          ^te1nical ^guidel*es       !bb
!f=!d==
                ** ** **
  ^l*e ^\4 ^symbol
\2^^gtm pp !bd, !eg, ^^uum pp !ce\)
  ^4 sign applies to @ immly prec6_
item.
^l*e \4: "5
^n equal to: \="5
!ae"5
                ** ** **
  ^p)allel$/^p7p?dicul) ^sign
\2^^gtm pp !ej, ^^uum pp !ch\)
^p)allel: !l
^p7p?dicul): !-
  ^(@ signs )e unspac6 on bo4 sides.
^a!l^b
^a!-^b
                ** ** **
  ^\@0e ^sign
\@0e: ^1
  ^4 sign is spac6 on bo4 sides.
^a!l^b #^1 ^b!l^a
                ** ** **
  ^)r9s \2^simple\)
\2^^gtm pp !fj, ^^uum pp !cd\)
  ^)r9s )e comp)ison signs & )e spac6 on
bo4 sides.
)r9 *dicator: 8
^\r )r9: 8o
          ^te1nical ^guidel*es       !bc
^left )r9: 89
^impliies: 8==o
  ^un%s y )e alr * num7ic or grade !a
mode, (@ ne6 a grade !a symbol *dicator.
                ** ** **
  ^l#g expres%ns$/rules :ta*_ (ws
\2^^uum pp !gf\)
  ^0 cl)#y ;t func#ns & (ws alw space
op7a#nal signs.
  ^ref7 to page !aj 0 ^1oice [ ^grade !a
^*dicators.
  ^trapezoidal rule:
^)ea \= ###[width%/!b]\
%2first height \+ last\
height \+ !b\2remaining\
heights\)%)#'
                ** ** **
  ^divid_ l#g ma@matical expres%ns
\2^^gtm pp !c-!d, !a.d, ^^uum pp !gd\)
  ^\5 possible, l#g equa#ns 3d ; split
;f comp)ison or rela#n signs.
  ^\5 4 is n possible, @n @ dot !e is
*s7t6 at @ mo/ logical splitt_ po*t * @
expres%n to make x cle) t @ next l*e is
a :t*ua#n [ @ curr?t \o.
###[w%/!b] \= %2h?!a\+h?!g\
\+!b\2h?!b\+h?!c\+h?!d\
\+h?!e\+h?!f\)%)#'

          ^te1nical ^guidel*es       !bd
  ^algebra
\2^^gtm pp !ag, ^^uum pp !cb\)
  ^lrs
  ^\5 nec, lrs /&_ al\o 3d ; prec66 by @
grade !a symbol *dicator. ^4 *cludes <a>
\5 x cd ; misr,d z @ *def*ite )ticle.
  ^f*d @ value [ #a * @ foll9_ equa#n:
#a \= !b\+!c
  #a is @ l*e
a\-!bx \= \-!bx\-!b
  #l is @ l*e
y\-!f \= \-!bx-!b
  ^\5as:
!bp $"2 !ah
                ** ** **
  ^trigonometry
\2^^gtm pp !dd, ^^uum pp !cg\)
  ^space all func#ns reg)d%s [ pr*t.
^cos !cj(j
^tan !cj(j
#y cos !fj(j \= !e.da
  ^alw spell 8 @ (w ^sin.
^sin !cj(j
!a/b#ab sin #^c
#^x \= sin#*2\-!a)\
\2!e/ab\)
                ** ** **


          ^te1nical ^guidel*es       !be
  ^geometry
\2^^gtm pp !ff, ^^uum pp !cg-!ch, ^^uum
pp !i\)
  ^* geometry alw space 3ape expres%ns,
reg)d%s [ pr*t.
#6!c ^^abc
#6"!d ^^abcd
  ^v7tical b) \2op? or close\): $8
$8^^ab$8
$8$9^a$8
^a!-^b
^a!l^b
#6!c ^^abc $0 #6!c ^^def
%2^^ba
###[$8^^^de$8%/$8ab$8]
\= [$8df$8%/$8ac$8]
\= [$8ef$8%/$8bc$8^']#'
###$8^^ab$8
\= 3\2x?!a\+x?!b\)*!b\
\+\2y?!a\+y?!b\)*!b_#'
                ** ** **
  ^embelli3#ts
\2^^gtm pp !eg, ^^uum pp !ce\)
  ^(@ a+ect @ previ8s item.
l*e \4: "5
\="5
  \2unspac6 ;c x is all \o symbol, n a
comp)ison\)
  ^use @ grade !a *dicator z nec.
          ^te1nical ^guidel*es       !bf
hat ov7: \5 x#\5
b) \u: ^5 x#^5
b) ov7: 5 x#5
^a^b\5^c is al writt? $9^^abc, & w ;
transcrib6 z s1, reg)d%s [ h9 x appe)s *
pr*t.
$9^^abc
simple \r )r9 ov7: (5
##2^^ab)(5
                ** ** **
  ^set ^nota#n ^brackets
  ^curly <set nota#n> brackets )e us6 &
commas ;t @ ele#ts )e 39n.
#^a \= $2!a, !b, \-!c$)
  ^alw *s7t commas & spaces * sets
reg)d%s [ pr*t.
  ^foll9 5at\e brackets )e us6 * pr*t.
                ** ** **
  ^set ^@ory
\2^^gtm pp !dh, !ej, ^^uum pp !dh, !fg\)
^univ7sal ^set: #^u
^c)d*al numb7: $4
  ^op7a#n ^signs
^union: %+
^*t7sec#n: %<
  ^comp)ison ^signs
^subset: (2
^n a ^subset: (2"5
^sup7set: ()
          ^te1nical ^guidel*es       !bg
^ele#t: (e
^n an ele#t [: (e"5
  ^o@r ^signs
^null$/^empty ^set: %0"j or $2 $)
^less$/^not: $1
^n ^equal ^to: \="5
                ** ** **
  ^prime or ^comple#t
\2^^gtm pp !dh, !ej, ^^uum pp !af, !bi\)
^prime: %0=
^comple#t: %0==
^p=%<^q=
\2^^pq\)==
                ** ** **
  ^matrices
\2^^gtm pp !fi, ^^uum pp !dd\)
  ^(@ )e laid 8 v7tically z * @ text.
  ^@ dot !f at @ ;g*n_ & ?d [ ea1
bracket6 sec#n 39s t x is a l#g bracket
\2ov7 m 4an \o l*e\).
#^a ^\2!a !j^\)
    ^\2!j !a^\)
  ^brackets & num7ic *dicators )e
align6, ev? if 4 gives rise to unusual
spac_.
p#5 \= ^\2\-!b ^\)
       ^\2  !ac^\)
                ** ** **

          ^te1nical ^guidel*es       !bh
  ^calculus
\2^^gtm pp !cd, ^^gtm pp !ci, !df "&
!ej, ^^uum pp !ce\)
  expres%n directly ;l: %?
  expres%n directly abv: %*
##lim%?2x8o!e)f\2x\)
##lim%?2x8oa)f\2x\) \= !a
##[dy%/dx]
  4 is call6 <curly #d>
##["dy%/"dx]
##[^%dy%/^%dx]
##[d*!by%/dx*!b] or
f==\2x\)
                ** ** **
  ^b*omial ^@orem
\2^^gtm pp !ec, !fh\)
  ^p7muta#ns & ^comb*a#ns
  ^(@ )e laid 8 * a l*e) fa3ion s use @
v7tical juxtaposi#n symbol to *dicate @
fact t 4 is a v7tical pr*t lay8t.
  v7tical juxtaposi#n symbol: #7
#n^pr
###*n^p?r
\= [n+%/\2n\-r\)+]#'
#n^cr
\2n#7r\)
###*n^c?r \= \2n7r\)
\= [n+%/r+\2n\-r\)+]#'

          ^te1nical ^guidel*es       !bi
  ^comput7 ^nota#n
\2^^gtm pp !hc, ^^rueb pp !agh, ^^atm pp
!acc\)
  ^@ l*e :t*ua#n *dicator is us6 5? an
email or web address runs ov7 to @ next
l*e.
  ^alw split at a logical po*t.
  ^visit @ ^1ildvi%n website at:
http:$/$/1ildvi%n.ie$/\
site$/programmes$/assess#t$/
http:$/$/vi%n$/!bjag.#child.ie
  ^email addresses use @ <at> symbol:
%0"a
te/!bjag"avision.ie
                ** ** **
  ^calculator ^keys ^symbols
  ^4 )ises \5 @ picture or */ruc#n * @
book is ab press_ buttons on a
calculator.
  ^:tr)y to @ su=es#n [ ^^gtm to foll9
pr*t, @ univ7sal sign 0 <^on yr
calculator> w be:
^cal
  ^subsequ?t signs$/symbols 3d ; spac6 &
calculator mode is t7m*at6 by a l*e
space.
^cal ^^ce \/ \< \- \+ . \=
  ^at second)y level, \5 @ !bnd & !crd
func#n is us6, ^cal!b & ^cal!c w ;
          ^te1nical ^guidel*es       !cj
*s7t6. ^4 is ;c di+7?t calculators h
di+7?t buttons to *itiate (@ func#ns.
^cal!b
^cal!c
                ** ** **
  ^transcrib7's ^note ^*dicators
\2^^gtm pp !ff, ^^uum pp !fi, ^^atm pp
!aaf\)
^op?: "%2
^close: "%)
  ^(@ )e use#l 0 giv_ addi#nal *0ma#n t
is n * @ pr*t v7%n.
  ^@y )e us6 & spac6 * @ same way z
brackets. ^(wsigns & :trac#ns may ; us6
z usual ]* @m.
                ** ** **
  ^greek ^lrs
\2^^gtm pp !ef, ^^uum pp !ci\)
^greek lr modifi7 is: %
& @ capital ^greek lr modifi7 is: ^%
  ^(@ apply to @ next lr only.
  ^l97 case ^greek lrs
%a ^greek alpha
%b ^greek beta
%g ^greek gamma
%d ^greek delta
%4 ^greek @ta
%l ^greek lambda
%m ^greek mu
          ^te1nical ^guidel*es       !ca
%p ^greek pi
%r ^greek rho
%s ^greek sigma
%w ^greek omega
  ^capital ^greek lrs
^%d capital ^greek delta
^%s capital ^greek sigma
^%w capital ^greek omega
              ::::::::::::




















        ^^ueb ^symbols 0 ^prim)y     !cb
^^ji: ^junior ^*fants
^^si: ^s?ior ^*fants
^topic; ^/)t ^ye); ^^gtm ^page
^numb7s; ^^ji; !b
^plus ^sign; ^^si; !ae
^equals; ^^si; !ae
^less ^4an; ^^si; !ae
^grt7 ^4an; ^^si; !ae
^omis%n ^symbol; ^^si; !ai
^m*us ^sign; !ast; !ae
^simple ^frac#ns; !ast; !ca
^t?s & ^units ^symbol; !ast; ...
^l?g4, ^wei2t, ^capac#y; !ast; !af
^euro ^symbol; !ast; !ac
^c?t ^symbol; !ast; !ac
^left ^r%d ^bracket; !ast; !cj
^\r ^r%d ^bracket; !ast; !cj
^date, ^\t & ^cal?d)s; !ast; !i-!aj
^ord*al & ^roman ^numb7s; !ast; !aj-!aa
^decimal ^po*t; !bnd; !i
^degree ^sign; !crd; !ab
^frac#ns !b; !crd; !ca-!cc
^multiplica#n ^sign; !dth; !ae
^divi%n ^sign; !dth; !ae
^mulitplica#n ^dot; !dth; !ae
^*dex$/^p97 ^sign !dth; !cd-!ci
^ratio ^sign; !dth; !ag
^p7c?tage ^sign; !dth; !ab
^positive ^numb7s; !e-!fth; !ah
        ^^ueb ^symbols 0 ^prim)y     !cc
^negative ^numb7s; !e-!fth; !ah
^squ)e ^root ^sign; !e-!fth; !dj
^squ)e ^root ^t7m*ator ^sign; !e-!fth;
  !dj
^doll) ^sign; !e-!fth; !ab
^p%d ^sign; !e-!fth; !ab
^n ^equal ^to ^sign; !e-!fth; !ae
^squ)e ^brackets, ^left & ^\r;
  !e-!fth; !cj
^degree$/^m*ute$/^second ^signs;
  !e-!fth; !ab
^triangle ^sign; !e-!fth; !fe
^3apes ^signs; !e-!fth; !fe
^p)allel ^l*es ^sign; !e-!fth; !ej
^p7p?dicul) ^sign; !e-!fth; !ej
^calculator ^keys ^symbols; !e-!fth; !ah
^)r9s \2^simple\); !e-!fth; !fj-!fc
              ::::::::::::